The Semiconductor Chokepoint
Export controls on extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) and EDA software restrict peak transistor density and cluster interconnects. However, multi-patterning DUV techniques and domestic yield maturation steadily compress the hardware efficiency divide.
The Power & Grid Bottleneck
As frontier clusters scale past 100,000 GPUs, datacenter power constraints (transformer lead times, substation interconnects, clean baseload power) supersede silicon supply as the bounding limit on rapid gigawatt-scale expansion.
Algorithmic & Open-Weights Diffusion
Architectural efficiencies (distillation, synthetic reasoning datasets, quantized inference) spread globally within weeks of publication. Hardware deficits can be partially mitigated through distributed cluster optimization and architectural innovation.