1. Crude Feedstock Assay
8.5° API
Specific Gravity
1.011
Sulfur Content
3.85 wt%
CCR (ConCarbon)
14.2 wt%
TAN Acidity
2.9 mg/g
2. Refinery Processing Unit
Refinery Unit Stream & Mass Balance Schematic
Gasoline Yield: 34.2%
| Refined Stream | Cut Range (°C) | Vol Yield (%) | Volume (kBPD) | Sulfur (ppm) | Wholesale Est. ($/bbl) |
|---|
3. Energy & Refining Economics
$14.20/bbl
Gross Refinery Margin
$14.20
3:2:1 Crack equiv.
Hydrogen Consumption
1,620 scf/bbl
Hydrotreating demand
Thermal Extraction SOR
3.40 bbl/bbl
Steam-to-oil lift ratio
Well-to-Rack Carbon
112 kg CO₂e/bbl
Life-cycle footprint
Consumer Price Impact Analysis
Venezuelan Orinoco crude is an extra-heavy sour bitumen (8.5° API). In a hydroskimming refinery, it yields >60% heavy asphalt bottoms and less than 15% gasoline. Even in high-complexity US Gulf Coast coking facilities, heavy crude produces predominantly diesel, heavy bunker fuel, and petcoke rather than high-octane motor gasoline.
Price Transmission Model
100 kBPD Heavy Inflow Gas Impact
-0.8 ¢ / gal
Equivalent Light Sweet (WTI) Impact
-2.9 ¢ / gal
Heavy Crude Discount vs Brent
-$16.50 / bbl
US Gulf Coast Coking Utilization
94.8%
CRUDE: venezuela_orinoco
API: 8.5
CONFIG: deep_conversion_coker
GAS_YIELD: 34.2%
MARGIN: $14.20/bbl