The Umbra is the deepest shadow zone where the Sun's light source is entirely blocked. The Penumbra is the region where only a fraction of the Sun is obscured, creating partial eclipses.
When the Moon is at perigee (~363,000 km), its angular diameter exceeds the Sun's, allowing the umbra tip to reach Earth (Totality). At apogee (~405,000 km), the Moon appears smaller than the Sun; the umbra ends before Earth, leaving an antumbra that creates a "ring of fire".
During a Full Moon aligned with a node, the Moon enters Earth's much larger shadow. Earth's atmosphere bends (refracts) reddish wavelengths of sunlight into the umbra, bathing the eclipsed Moon in a coppery red glow.