The Moon's elliptical orbit varies from 356,400 km (perigee) to 406,700 km (apogee). When near perigee, the Moon's apparent angular diameter exceeds the Sun's (total eclipse). Near apogee, the Moon is too small to cover the photosphere, creating the "Ring of Fire" (annular eclipse with an antumbra).
During a total lunar eclipse, the Earth completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. However, sunlight passing through Earth's atmosphere undergoes Rayleigh scattering: blue light scatters away while red wavelengths refract onto the lunar surface ("Blood Moon").
The Umbra is the dark central cone of complete occultation. The Penumbra is the region where only part of the Sun is obscured. The Antumbra is the extension of the shadow beyond the apex where the Moon appears entirely inside the solar disc.