Ballistics Standoff Distance Classifications
Forensic pathologists categorize gunshot wounds based on muzzle-to-target distance by inspecting macroscopic and microscopic soot, powder tattooing (stippling), and searing:
| Classification | Distance Range | Key Physical Markers |
|---|---|---|
| Contact / Near-Contact | 0 to ~1 inch | Muzzle stamp/imprint, soot searing inside wound track, stellate tearing over bone. |
| Intermediate (Close) | ~1 to 36 inches | Unburnt gunpowder tattooing (stippling) embedded in epidermis; soot ring up to 6–12 inches. |
| Distant | Greater than ~36 inches | Clean circular defect with bullet wipe margin; zero soot or powder tattooing present. |