| Validator Identity | Node Type | Effective Stake | Proposer Odds | Commission | Uptime | MEV Status | Status |
|---|
● 3 Reward Streams
Stakers earn from protocol issuance (minted inflation for honest attestations), priority gas fees (tips paid by users for block inclusion), and MEV extraction (arbitrage and liquidation order bundling via Flashbots/MEV-Boost relays).
● Solo vs. Pooled Staking
Running a solo validator preserves decentralization and avoids fees, but requires a 32 ETH capital lock-up plus dedicated hardware. Staking pools pool retail deposits from 0.01 ETH, charging a 5–10% commission for operational management.
● Slashing & Equivocation
Proof-of-Stake enforces security through capital collateral. Committing a double-signing fault (equivocation) results in immediate collateral confiscation (e.g. 16 ETH slashed from 64 ETH) and ejection from the active consensus set.
● Unbonding & Liquidity Risk
Staked assets cannot be sold immediately. Validators must pass through an unbonding exit queue (typically 1–3 weeks). If asset prices plummet during unbonding, stakers bear market drawdowns unable to hedge.