SSM & Laplace Visualizer dx/dt = Ax + Bu

From Continuous Differential Equations & s-Plane Laplace Transforms to Discretized O(N) Mamba State Space Models

1. S-Plane Poles & System Matrix A

Drag poles on s-plane (s = σ + jω)
Stable (LHP)
Discretization Method Ā = exp(A·Δ)
Step Size Δ (Sampling Interval) 0.10 s
Mamba Selective Gating Δ(t) Enabled
Eigenvalues λ(A) -1.200 ± 2.500i
Discrete Matrix Ā [[0.858, 0.217], ...]
Discrete Vector B̄ [[0.093], [0.042]]
System Output C [1.000, 0.000]
Continuous to Discrete Math: Continuous ODE dx/dt = Ax + Bu transforms via Laplace to transfer function H(s) = C(sI - A)⁻¹B. Discrete recurrence x_k = Ā x_{k-1} + B̄ u_k uses ZOH matrix exponential Ā = e^(A·Δ).

2. Recurrent vs Convolutional Duality & Signal Response

Global Parallel Convolution y = u * k vs Step-by-Step Recurrence
Discrete System Step Response y_k vs Time t Sequence Length N = 64

3. Context Scaling: SSM vs Transformer Attention

Computational Complexity & State Memory Efficiency

State Space Model (Mamba) O(N) Time / O(1) State

0.06 ms
Parallel Scan Convolution during training; Recurrent O(1) state buffer during inference. Sequence N=64.

Transformer (Attention) O(N²) Time / O(N) Cache

4.10 ms
Full Softmax Attention Matrix N×N KV-Cache grows quadratically with sequence length.
Sequence Context Length N 64 tokens
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