| Destination Country ▾ | Migrants Deported | Origin Nationals | Treaty / Legal Mechanism | CAT Non-Refoulement Risk | Estimated Allocation |
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Under Article 3 of the UN Convention Against Torture (CAT) and codified in 8 U.S.C. § 1231, no state shall expel, return ("refouler"), or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing they would be in danger of being subjected to torture. Transferring non-citizens to third nations lacking verified asylum infrastructure or judicial review creates secondary refoulement liabilities.
Data audited by investigative monitors confirms federal funding traditionally appropriated under the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (MRAA) has been diverted into charter logistics contracts, holding facilities, and foreign transfer stipends across 28 nations, circumventing standard repatriation treaties where destination states accept only certified citizens.
Under INA § 208(a)(2)(A), an individual may be removed to a safe third country only pursuant to a bilateral or multilateral agreement where the alien's life or freedom would not be threatened on account of protected grounds, and where the alien would have access to a full and fair procedure for determining asylum claims. 21 of the 28 destinations currently lack verified fair procedure certifications.