In modern NFL tracking technology (RFID microchips embedded in player shoulder pads and footballs sampled at 10 Hz), Target Separation is calculated as the distance in yards between the targeted receiver and the nearest defender at the instant the pass arrives at the catch point.
Jaxon Smith-Njigba's historic 3-cone drill (6.57s) translates directly to sub-0.35 second directional deceleration. Rather than relying purely on top-end 40-yard dash speed, elite slot receivers manipulate the defender's hip angle with stem leverage, then create immediate 2.5+ yard windows on snap pivots and whips.
Off-coverage defenders giving 6+ yards of cushion can be attacked with sudden stop routes (hitches/curls) or whips where the defender's backpedal inertia prevents closing down the break in under 0.4 seconds, creating guaranteed open target windows.
Calculated through distance from nearest defender, ball flight time, sideline proximity, quarterback pass velocity, and receiver target velocity. Greater than 3.0 yards of separation yields over 80% completion probability.