Propagation races production
When mean gossip hops × hop latency exceeds the block interval, the next proposer extends a stale head. Competing branches appear and fork choice later turns losers into orphans.
Trunk before foliage
The visible kernel
When mean gossip hops × hop latency exceeds the block interval, the next proposer extends a stale head. Competing branches appear and fork choice later turns losers into orphans.
Honest validators re-run every transfer. A claimed state root that does not match recomputation is rejected, attributed, and quarantinable.
A tip block can still lose a reorg. This lab waits for three descendants before calling your transfer final.