Glacio-Hydrology Parameters
Model v2.4
Temperature Anomaly (2020–2100)
+2.4°C
Black Carbon / Soot Forcing Index
1.60×
Precipitation / Monsoon Shift
-5%
Projected Tipping Milestones
Peak Water Year
2048
Glacier Volume 2100
34.2%
Initial Discharge (2020)
620 km³
Terminal Discharge (2100)
390 km³
Vulnerability Classification
High Risk - Post-Peak Decline
Multi-Decadal Basin Discharge Projection (2020–2100) inflection peak highlighted
Glacier Mass Cross-Section & Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA) Shift ELA: 5,420 m
Reuters Cryosphere Report Grounding:
Himalayan glaciers have accelerated mass loss, yielding temporary surplus meltwater followed by an irreversible tipping point ('peak water'). For the Ganges watershed under moderate soot and warming trajectories, peak water occurs around mid-century (~2048), triggering downstream dry-season deficits of ~37% by 2100.