| Jurisdiction | Title | Prescribe | Surgery | Evidence Tier |
|---|
US DOs undergo 4 years medical school + 3-7 years residency/fellowship, identical to MDs, backed by randomized clinical trials for pharmaceutical and surgical interventions.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) / Manual Therapy demonstrates moderate clinical evidence for acute lower back pain, neck strain, and mobility support.
Cranial osteopathy and manual claims regarding internal visceral pathology, asthma, or systemic disease treatment lack solid randomized controlled evidence.